Copyright: WinTerms 1.0  Copyright 1994, Trevnerd Software.


Contents
Contents for Trevnerd WinTerms

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Depending on your kind of video subsystem, you will either see "jump words" underlined or printed in green.  Click on these words to see their descriptions.

            A

     Applications

     Architecture

     Autoexec.bat

           B

     Back Up

     Baud

     Bit

     Boot

     Boot Diskette

     bps

     Bug

     Bulletin Board

     Bus

     Button Bar

     Byte

         C

     C

     Cache

     Cairo

     CD-ROM

     Chicago

     Clipboard

     Clipbook

     Close

     CMOS

     Code

     Cold Boot

     Compatibility

     Compression

     CompuServe

     Computer

     Config.sys

     Connectivity

     Conventional Memory

     Copy

     CPU

     Crash

     Ctrl-Alt-Del

     Cut

          D

     Data

     Database

     Delete

     Desktop Publishing

     Directory

     Disk Compression

     Diskette

     DOS

     Dot Pitch

     Download

     dpi

     Drag

          E

     Expanded Memory (EMS)

     Expansion Card

     Extended Memory (XMS)

     Extension

          F

     Fax/Modem

     File

     File Compression

     File Name

     File Server

     Flicker

     Floppy Disk

     Font

     Fragmentation

     Freeware

          G

     Gates, Bill

     Geek

     Grayscale

     GUI

         H

     Hard Drive

     High Memory Area (HMA)

     Hot Keys

         I

     Icons

     Integrated Application

     Interlaced

     Internet

     I/O Card

         J

     J. Edgar Hoover

         K

     K (Kilobytes)

         L

     LAN

     Local Bus

         M

     Macro

     Maximize

     Math Co-processor

     Memory

     Megabyte

     Megahertz (MHz)

     Menu

     MIDI

     Minimize

     Modem

     Monitor

     Mouse

     MPC Compatibility

     Motherboard

     Multi-tasking

          N

     Network

     Network Adapter

     Nerd

     Non-Interlaced

          O

     On-Line Service

     Open

     Operating System

          P

     Paste

     PCI Bus

     Peer-to-Peer Network

     Peripheral Device

     PIF Setting

     Pixel

     Port

     Power User

     Programming

     Processor

     Propeller-head

          R

     RAM

     Reboot

     Registration

     Resolution

           S

     Scanner

     Server

     Shareware

     SIMMs

     Sound Card

     Spreadsheet

     Surge Protector

      SVGA

     System.ini

     System Resources

           T

     Tool Bar

     Trevnerd Software

          U

     UMB

          V

     VESA Local Bus

      VGA

     Video Card

     Video Capture

          W

     .WAV Files

     Win.ini

     Window

     WYSIWYG

     Word Processor


Architecture

In the computer world, this term often refers to the kind of bus your computer’s motherboard has.  The “ISA” standard has been around for many years, and is what most PCs have.  These have “slots” that take “16-bit boards”, also called “cards”.  16-bit is faster than 8-bit.  Another kind of architecture is called the “EISA” standard.  These motherboards move data through the “bus” faster than the ISA ones do, and as a result they are more expensive.  Recently, the “VESA Local Bus” standard (also known as “VL-bus”) has become very popular, and most 486 systems made in 1993 and 1994 have this feature.  VL-bus motherboards can move data along a much wider data path than the ISA motherboards - because they use a 32-bit bus.  If your machine has “local bus video”, for example, it probably has a local bus video card which means the speed in which graphics (like Windows screens) appear on your screen is much faster than on ISA machines.  Finally, a newer standard, “PCI bus”, has appeared with the introduction of “Pentium” computer systems.  This is an architecture which was created to allow the motherboard to handle the high-speed demands of the Pentium processor.  Some 486 systems have incorporated the PCI architecture but still, of course, can not match the sheer speed of a Pentium system.


Bit

A little bitty “bit” of information.  The term actually means “binary digit”.  The computer reads a language made up of little 0’s and 1’s, and each of those is a “bit”.


Boot

Start the computer.  This happens when you:  1) turn the power on, or if it's already on 2) hit the “reset” button on the front of your computer, or 3) hold down the <Ctrl> <Alt> and <Del> keys at the same time and release them.  Don’t do this unless you are out of Windows and have saved whatever you’ve worked on.....except in cases when you get a message on the screen telling you to.


Boot Diskette

An invaluable protection against computer havoc.  Such a diskette will have on it a few files that your computer needs to start itself, including “command.com” (which contains the absolutely essential DOS commands), config.sys, autoexec.bat, and two hidden files named “io.sys” and “msdos.sys”.  To make an emergency boot diskette, go to Windows File Manager, click on the Edit menu, and choose “Make system disk.”  It will copy the “system files” (command.com and the two hidden files) to your floppy drive.  Then, you need to use File Manager to copy config.sys and autoexec.bat from your root directory (C: directory) to the floppy.  MAKE SURE YOU COPY THESE FILES TO A DISKETTE IN YOUR “A” DRIVE....THIS IS THE DRIVE THAT YOUR COMPUTER WILL TRY TO READ FROM IF IT CAN’T READ FROM THE HARD DRIVE!!!  Then, test this diskette by trying to boot from it.  If all goes well, put this diskette in a safe place so that you can start your machine when something messes up.  It’s also a good idea to put a few other files on this diskette, like “format.com” and “fdisk.exe” from the DOS directory, and “win.ini” and “system.ini” from your Windows directory.  Better safe than sorry!  One last thing:  NEVER, EVER, EVER, EVER DO ANYTHING TO THE “IO.SYS” AND “MSDOS.SYS” HIDDEN FILES!!!!!!!  DON’T TOUCH THEM, DON’T DELETE THEM, AND DON’T “UN-HIDE” THEM!!!!!!


bps

"Bits per second" transmitted by an electronic device, usually a modem or fax/modem card.  This term is NOT the same as "baud," strictly speaking, but the two terms are often used interchangably.  See "Baud."


Bug

A defect of some sort in the operation of a computer, the term usually refers to a programming glitch in a software application.  Legend has it that the term originated many years ago when a mainframe computer's ills were discovered to be the presence of a (then dead) moth that had gotten inside the computer and sort of sacrificed itself for science.  This story has been dismissed as myth, but it remains popular among nerds that enjoy telling stories.  That would include this author.

To "debug", then, is the process of going on a seek and destroy mission to rid software of mistakes that can cause headaches for the computer user.  Often, when problems arise in the operation of computer applications, the user assumes that the computer is infected with a "virus."  While scary and somewhat trendy, this is probably not the case.  Usually, when there are wierd defects in the operation of a computer it is due to either buggy software; memory address conflicts between different internal components (modem, sound card, CD-ROM, video card...); damaged, lost, or accidentially erased files; or problems with the hard drive ("bad sectors", for example).  And, of course, the number one reason for computer problems is not the computer hardware or software, but the person using it.  Call it "user error" or what have you, it doesn't mean the user is stupid, but rather that they have unknowingly contributed to the problem by assigning the same memory address to two different expansion cards, or something similar.

But, whatever the case, if you are having continual problems with a piece of software...it just won't do what it's supposed to do....then see if the program's manual offers any help, if the program has one.  If not, try re-installing it after first saving any files you have created with the program to a floppy diskette.  If you are still having trouble, call the software manufacturer's technical support number.  This is another good reason to stay away from illegally copied ("pirated") software:  no technical support unless you are a registered owner of the software.


Bulletin Board

A source of files and programs that can be downloaded from a remote computer to your computer's hard drive by using a modem.  The monthly magazine Computer Shopper lists and describe bulletin boards, and gives their phone numbers.


Button Bar

A strip of buttons on the top of the screen of many Windows programs which provide quick access to commonly used functions (like the "Contents," "Search," and other buttons on the top of the screen of this and other Windows Help-type files).  These may be icons with color graphics or simple boxes with one or two words on them.  See Icons for more information on this breath-taking topic!


Byte

A few bits make up a “byte”.  In fact, usually 8 bits make one byte.  And Bytes are the unit of measurement that you, the computer user, need to be aware of.  For example, your hard drive’s ability to store information is given in megabytes, or millions of bytes.  The same thing with memory - if you have 4 million bytes of RAM, you have “4 megs of RAM”. (See also Bit).


C

A programming language popular with writers of Windows programs because it is a powerful and flexible language that gives the programmer lots of control over the programming process.  And, programs written in C are quite fast.  However, it can be a rather difficult language to master, and it can take even an experienced C programmer months to write a Windows application.  There is also a language that is closely related to C.  Want to know what it’s called?  C++.  No, I’m not kidding.  There is no language called “C+”.  Figure that one out.  Nerd humor, in all likelihood.  See also Code.


Cache

Usually refers to small, silicon chips that are used as very high-speed memory that serves as a temporary storage area for information traveling between your computer’s CPU and your RAM memory (which is slower).  Cache can also refer to the same type of memory chips added to a hard drive to make the hard drive go faster.  Finally, there are “software cache” programs that serve the same purpose, except they reserve part of RAM memory as a temporary storage area for frequently used information traveling from your hard drive.  Windows and recent versions of DOS come with a software caching program called “Smart Drive”.  If you use Windows, and you have at least 4 megabytes of RAM, it is important to use part of the RAM as a “Smart Drive cache”.  If you have 4 megs of RAM, you probably don’t want to have a Smart Drive cache larger than about half a megabyte.  If you have 8 megabytes of RAM, go for a Smart Drive cache about 1 megabyte or so in size.  See your Windows and/or DOS documentation for details on how to go about doing this.


Cairo

"Cairo" is what Microsoft is currently (at the time of this writing) calling what will be the next full version of Windows NT.  A true blue 32-bit operating system now, the future release of NT will be bigger, more capable, and will cause an even more substantial drain on both your computer hardware (especially memory and hard drive space) and your bank account.  If you want to play with the nerd kings of the business world, you better lay your money down.


Chicago

"Chicago" is what Microsoft is currently (as of the time of this writing) calling what will be the next full version of Windows....call it Windows 4.0, perhaps.  Pre-release versions indicate that it will offer substantial benefits in terms of functionality and performance over the current Windows, and it's interface will be quite different in some ways.  And, you may have guessed, it will probably require more powerful hardware to be run efficiently than the current Windows.


Clipboard

A function of Windows, found in the “Main” part of Program Manager, that is a storage area for stuff that you Copy so you can “Paste” it somewhere else.  For example, if you highlight a block of text in a word processor and use the “copy” command, that information is put into the Clipboard.  Then, when you “paste” the information to another location in your document, it goes from the Clipboard to that location.  Also see Copy and Paste.


Close

End.  Finish.  To close a window is to not see it full- or partial-screen anymore.  To close a file means to quit using it.


CMOS

Stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor.  Oh, stop yawning already!!!  It's not that bad, and it is important to know what it is because it is of vital importance to the operation of your computer!  There is a "CMOS" chip located on your computer's motherboard, and it holds information that is neccessary for your computer to have access to whenever it starts - like the date, time, and "system configuration" information such as hard disk drive parameters, how memory is accessed, whether you have a math co-processor and how large a "memory cache" you have.

There is a "CMOS" battery on your computer's motherboard, and it is there to give a steady supply of current to your CMOS chip even when the computer is unplugged or otherwise not in use.  That way, the information written to the chip stays there so you don't have to re-enter it each time you start your computer.  These batteries usually last a pretty long time because the CMOS chip requires very little power.  However, when the battery DOES go bad you will have some interesting problems.  First of all, the date and time will be off by quite a bit - and THAT IS THE TIME TO REPLACE THE BATTERY!!  Because, the next thing that can happen is that the hard drive configuration information is lost and so your computer literally has no idea that you even have a hard drive, much less know how to communicate with it.

It is a good practice to print a copy of your CMOS setup information by watching your screen when your computer starts up, and looking for a message that says something like, "press ___ for setup".  Once you do this you'll see a menu, and you'll want to chose the "basic" or "standard" configuration item.  This will list your hard drive type (a number like "47") and vital statistics like the number of heads and cylinders.  Press the "Print Screen" button on your keyboard (usually located at the top right of the keyboard on most IBM compatibles) to make a hard copy.  This way, if the information on your CMOS chip gets lost, you can re-enter the parameters to recover the information.

Finally, if your computer is a couple of years old or older, it wouldn't be a bad idea to buy a replacement CMOS battery and go ahead and put it in...just to be on the safe side and avoid the hassle of waiting until it goes belly up.  These only cost about $10 to $15 currently, so it's not a big deal.  Just read the instructions that came with your system as to how to go about plugging in the new battery.


Code

The words, phrases, and symbols used in computer programming.  There are many computer programming “languages” that writers of PC software use to create applications.  Some of the more popular languages used to create Windows applications include “C”, “C++”, “Visual Basic”, “Turbo Pascal”, and “Assembler”.  Programming can still be a lengthy, painstaking process, but it has been made less taxing in recent years due to programs like Visual Basic and “Visual C” which make full use of the Windows-style interface.  (See also C)


Cold Boot

To Boot the machine by turning on the power after a period of inactivity.


Compatibility

This usually refers to the extent to which your computer is “PC-compatible”, or is enough like an IBM computer that it can run the same software as a “real” IBM.  The term also refers to the extent that the different pieces of hardware in your computer get along with each other.  If they communicate smoothly, life is good.  If they can’t talk to each other, your computer won’t run well or at all.


Compression

A technology that allows you to put more data on your hard disk or floppy disk.  This is done mainly in two ways.  The first way is to use a software program (like the Double-Space that comes with MS-DOS 6.0 through 6.2) to compress, or shrink, all the files on your hard drive that you can.  It is not unusual to take a 100 megabyte hard drive and, with compression, be able to put close to 200 megabytes of data on it.  However, such magic comes at a price:  some disk compression programs are less stable than others, and can cause problems.  Also, hard drive compression can cause slight delays in the time it takes for your hard drive to read and write information, slowing down your computers performance somewhat.  However, many users (myself included) have used disk compression with few if any problems and with little noticeable difference in speed.  The second way is to use a different kind of software program that compresses individual files.  These archiving or “zipping” programs offer the advantage of reducing the size of only those files that you specify (like large graphic or database files).  Also, this technique is popular for shrinking the size of files so that they can be more easily and quickly transmitted to other users through a modem or on a floppy diskette.  Modern backup software routinely gives you the option of compressing files so you don’t use as much tape space or as many floppy diskettes in backing up your hard drive.


CompuServe

An On-Line Service that allows you to communicate with other computer users through the use of a modem.  So, you can send and receive "mail" (well, "E-Mail" to be exact), download files and programs, play games, look up information in huge databases and encyclopedias, see what the weather is today in Portugal....you get the idea.  Other on-line services include “Prodigy,” “GENie,” “America On-Line”, and “Delphi”.


Config.sys

A file located in your root (C:\>) directory that gives your computer instructions when it turns on or boots.  More specifically, it tells DOS:  1) what “device drivers” you want loaded into memory.  Device drivers are files that tell DOS and Windows about your hardware (video card, CD-ROM, scanner, network card, and so on); and 2) how memory in your computer should be handled (if device drivers should be loaded into “high memory_AREA”, or the UMB.  It should also have statements called “files=“ and “buffers=“, each “=“ being followed by a numerical value.  Config.sys is very important to Windows users due to its crucial role in memory management.  Check your DOS and Windows documentation for specific instructions on “optimizing” the memory in your computer.  You’ll want to free up as much conventional memory as possible.  (See also Autoexec.bat, Conventional Memory,  and Extended Memory)


Connectivity

The extent to which your computer is connected to other computers.  This term can be used to refer to people using modems, but is usually referring to computers connected to other computers on a “network” where users can share files and printers.


Conventional Memory

RAM (“Random Access Memory”) under 640K.  This is the memory that gets eaten alive when you add things like CD-ROM drives, scanners, and sound cards to your computer.  So,  use a memory manager like DOS’s “Memmaker” or dedicated memory management programs like “QEMM-386” or “386 MAX” to recover some of the conventional memory lost.  The more available memory under 640K you have, the faster and more reliable Windows will run.  Matter of fact, DOS programs will run better too.  Also see RAM.


Copy

In Windows, you can highlight text and (sometimes) “objects” like graphics and store them temporarily on the Windows Clipboard.  The Clipboard holds this data so you can then “Paste”  it somewhere else.  The Windows 3.1 clipboard can only hold one block of text or object at a time.  So, “copying” something else removes the previously copied item from the Clipboard.  Think of the Clipboard as only holding one sheet at a time.  (see also Clipboard)


CPU

“Central Processing Unit”. The CPU is NOT the box that you turn on and stick floppy diskettes into, but rather a chip inside that box that can fit in the palm of your hand.  It is the thing that the software communicates with, and as such it “processes” information for the software and gives orders to your drives, video system (video card and monitor), and peripherals like printers.  Because it plays such an important role in the operation of a PC system, computers are usually classified by the type of processors they have.  For example, a “486 computer” may have the same kind of monitor, printer, and hard drive as a 386 computer, but since it’s processor is  faster in most cases, the effect is that the whole computer is a step above the 386.  Presently (1994), the fastest generation of microprocessor in the "Intel compatible" category (the kind that are IBM compatible) is the Pentium, which right now is available in 60, 66, 90, and 100 MHz speeds.  The fastest 486 is the "clock-tripled" 100 MHz one, called the "486DX4-100" (the 4 in "DX4" refers to "486").

For even more nerdy fun, see "Trevnerd's Hardware Shoppers Guide" (available in the Expanded version of Trevnerd WinTerms).


Crash

There are two types of computer crashes.  The kind that usually happens, especially to Windows users, is the less serious kind.  When  Windows applications “crash,” or when Windows itself crashes, it means that the system locks up and won’t let you do what you’re trying to do.  This usually happens when there is a problem with memory (like not having enough of it) or when the software has tried to do something that the computer hardware won’t or can’t do.  When software “crashes,” it causes no physical damage.  But, you may well lose information that you’ll have to re-do if you haven’t saved it to disk.  Applications running in the Windows 3.1 environment do not crash nearly as often as when they are run under the older version, Windows 3.0.

The really bad kind of crash DOES cause physical damage to the computer.  This happens when the little needle that reads and writes information on the hard drive touches the surface of the hard drive........BLAM!   SCREEEECH!!!!!  Good-bye data.  Good-bye hard drive.  Hello maxed-out Master Card.  THIS IS WHY YOU BACK UP DATA AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE!  It’s bad enough to replace a hard drive, but it’s even worse to also lose weeks or months of valuable work.  Hard drive (bad physical) crashes used to be fairly common, but they are made MUCH better these days so it rarely happens anymore.  But, it’s a good idea to back up your data just in case!


Ctrl-Alt-Del

See Reboot


Cut

To remove an object or block of text from the document you're working on and placing the data on the Windows Clipboard.  This is different than using the "delete" command, because when you delete something you don't save it to the clipboard.  And, it is also different from the "copy" command in that when you copy something it remains in the document you're working on.


Data

Information.  It just sounds nerdier to say “data,” so that’s what you have to say to be a real computer nerd.  You may as well get used to it.  The term also refers to the pale, brainy guy on Star Trek: The Next Generation.


Database

The electronic equivalent of a big filing cabinet.  Databases are large collections of organized and related data.  For example, a simple database may contain names, addresses, and phone numbers of persons with whom you do business.  Why use a database when you can just put it on a Rolodex, you say?  Well, if that’s all you’re going to do you’re probably better off with a Rolodex.  But, with a database you can add all kinds of information to the name/address/phone number list, organize them in different ways, and instantly find someone’s phone number even if you have hundreds of entries.  Forget the person’s last name?  No problem, tell the database to search for everyone named “Nancy” and you’ll find it much quicker than the address book way.  Of course, the more complex your information storage and organization needs, the more useful a database can be.


Delete

To erase.  This usually refers to either 1) characters, words, and sentences in a document you’re working on; or 2) a file or group of files on your hard drive.  It is not unusual for even experienced computer users to accidentally delete files or even entire directories, so make sure you back up regularly and learn to use the undelete command that comes with recent versions of DOS or with utility programs such as “The Norton Utilities” or “PC Tools”.


Desktop Publishing

The practice of performing publishing tasks, such as page-layout and design, graphic placement, and use of multiple fonts using a personal computer.  There are dedicated “DTP” programs, such as “Microsoft Publisher” that do a wonderful job of helping you put together newsletters, “photo ready” advertisements, and brochures.  There are other, more expensive DTP applications, such as “Aldus Pagemaker” that can do all this and also have features and capabilities to help you put together an entire book.  Also, modern “high-end” Windows word processing applications (like “Microsoft Word for Windows”, “Ami Pro”, and “Word Perfect for Windows”) have many DTP features...so much so that the distinction between modern word processors and DTP programs has become blurred.  Much to the delight of owners of these word processing application owners, and much to the challenge of DTP programs to provide even more features to be able to compete.


Directory

Your hard drive has many “directories”, which are like file folders of information.  Each folder (or directory) is given a name, like “DOS”.  Each folder contains individual files, which you can think of as being like individual sheets of paper.  When you type a letter in your word processor, for example, and save it as “nerdy.doc”, you just created a file which is located in the directory, or folder, that your word processor uses to keep documents like that.


Disk Compression

See Compression


Diskette

Proper term for a floppy disk.  A “1.44 megabyte” diskette is a 3.5” diskette (little one) that is a “high density” one....meaning it holds more than the “low density”  3.5” diskette (which holds 740K of data, or half that of the “HD” - high density - kind).  A “1.2 megabyte” diskette is a high density diskette of the 5.25” (big one) variety, with the low density version holding only 360K of data.  Computers now usually come with either one 1.44 floppy diskette drive, or a 1.44 and a 1.2 diskette drive.  Some even combine the two formats into one drive to save a “drive bay” (the racks inside the computer case that holds the drives in place).  If you have to choose only one size diskette drive, make sure it’s a 1.44 drive - since most software that only gives you a choice of one size comes in high density 3.5” diskettes.  Many newer software programs ONLY come in 1.44 meg diskettes.  By the way, high density drives can read and write both low and high density diskettes, whereas the older, low density drives cannot read the high density diskettes.  This is an example of “backwards compatibility” - a newer drive can use older diskettes, but an older drive cannot use newer diskettes.  Is that confusing enough for you?  If not, read a discussion of C programming.  That will do the trick for all but the most die-hard nerd types.


DOS

“Disk Operating System”.  If you have a “PC compatible” computer, which means it runs the same software as an IBM but it’s made by some other company, you probably have “MS-DOS”.  MS-DOS is the operating system made by the Microsoft Corporation, who pioneered this kind of operating system at the beginning of the 1980’s.  If you have a true blue IBM computer, you probably have “PC-DOS” - which is a lot like MS-DOS, except IBM gets the money when you buy it instead of Microsoft.  Another Disk Operating System that has a small, but loyal, following is "DR-DOS".  The "DR" stands for "Digital Research," the company that makes it.  For a while, DR-DOS was a step ahead of MS-DOS and PC-DOS in terms of features - it included disk utilities that the big two didn't offer in their versions of DOS and so it became mildly popular with the "power users" and those who hated the idea of giving money to Microsoft.  However, as Microsoft began including disk utilities and memory management features in DOS (which began with the introduction of MS-DOS 5.0 in 1991), "who has the most features" war was once again swung in Microsoft's favor.


Dot Pitch

Your computer screen displays information by the use of little tiny dots.  These dots are so small, and so close together that you can’t see them with the naked eye.  However, a big part of a monitor’s quality is the distance between these dots:  the smaller the distance between the dots the better the image quality.  And, the better the image quality the easier the monitor is on your eyes.  So, the term “dot pitch” refers to the distance between these dots, measured in millimeters.  Good quality, modern VGA color monitors have dot pitches of .28 or smaller.  When you buy a monitor, don’t get one with a dot pitch any larger than .39, especially if you run Windows, and shoot for a .28 or smaller monitor.  The effect on your eyes will be more than worth the extra expense.


Download

The process of copying a file from the hard drive of a remote computer (i.e., via an on-line service or bulletin board) to the hard drive on your computer using a modem installed on your computer.


dpi

"Dots per inch."  Term usually refers to the quality of print output from an ink jet, bubble jet, or laser printer.  The higher the dpi rating, the better the print quality.  Laser printers currently (as of the time of this writing) have a standard dpi of 300, but the 600 dpi rating appears to be gaining ground and will probably be the standard by the time many of you read this.

600 dpi is especially desirable in desktop publishing, where you may need to print photographs and other graphics that require a higher resolution.  Just as in newspapers, when you can see the individual dots in a photo, it looks horrible.  And, the closer together the dots are the better the resulting quality.  So, the higher the "dpi" rating, the better the print quality.

The term "dpi" is also used as an indicator of the quality of output of a flatbed or hand-held scanner.  Some current flatbed color scanners use special enhancements to reach 2400 dpi or higher resolutions.  These reproduce color and greyscale photos of amazing clarity, but take up an enormous amount of hard drive space when saved to disk.  I have some color scanned images that take up over 10 megabytes each, so you can imagine how quickly these can eat up your hard drive space!


Drag

The experience of learning about PC’s for the first time.  Also the process of highlighting an “object” or block of text, holding down the left mouse button, and moving the block or object to another area.  The complete process is called “drag and drop” (see also “J. Edgar Hoover”...eh, not really).


DUH

Oh, please.  You DO know what a computer is, or you wouldn't be using it right now.


Expanded Memory (EMS)

"EMS" stands for "Expanded Memory Specifications."  It refers to memory (RAM) above 1 megabyte that (in many cases) DOS applications can use.  See the discussion under the Extended Memory topic.


Expansion Card

A printed electronic circuit board which plugs into a slot on your computer's motherboard.  Internal fax/modem cards, video adapters, sound cards, network adapters, and scanner interface cards are all examples of expansion cards.  You stick them in the motherboard slot, put the computer case cover back on, and then plug in whatever device you are connecting to the computer (scanner, network cable, speakers, and so on).

Although installation of these cards is not terribly difficult as far as manually sticking them into the computer is concerned, two issues are of crucial importance:  1) static electricity can severely damage internal computer components, such as the silicon chips mounted on expansion cards.  Take precautions before removing the case cover, like grounding yourself with a grounding wrist strap.   2) Hardware memory conflicts frequently occur whenever you add a component to your system, regardless of the IQ or experience of the computer user.  Read the manual that came with your expansion card carefully for information regarding COM port and IRQ settings before installing the card!


Extended Memory (XMS)

Memory (RAM) above 1 megabyte that Windows can use.  The more you have the better and more reliably Windows will run.  If you are a heavy user of Windows and Windows applications (as opposed to DOS applications), you should configure your available memory for use as XMS or “Extended” memory.  If, however, you use Windows rarely or not at all, you should configure your memory for use as “EMS” or “Expanded Memory”, which will make some DOS applications run better.  These are general guidelines, so please check your Windows and DOS documentation for specific information that you can use to tailor your system to your own particular needs.  In particular, if you have DOS 6.0 or later, use “Memmaker”.  Or, if you have an earlier version of DOS, get a copy of the DOS upgrade or buy a “Memory Manager” program such as “QEMM-386” or “386MAX” so that you can effectively set up and use that additional RAM above 640K.  Windows, especially, will thank you.


Extension

The term “file extension” refers to the three characters to the right of the “.” in a file name - for example, in the file “myreply.doc”, the “.doc” part is the extension.  This is the part of the file name that tells you what kind of file it is.  In this case, it is a “document” file, probably made with a Word Processor such as Microsoft Word for Windows.


Fax/Modem

Same as a modem, except it also allows you to send (and usually receive) real live Faxes with your computer.  These are a LOT cheaper than fax machines:  you can get a fax/modem card for between $50.00 and $100.00 (as of the time that this was written in the summer of ‘94....if that was a long time ago, then maybe you should upgrade!!!).  Also, the quality of the faxes you send are usually excellent, and you can use a faxing software program, such as “WinFax Pro”, to manage, organize, and store incoming and outgoing faxes.  Beats those curled up roles of old-fashioned fax paper, that’s for sure.


File

See Directory.  An individual item in a directory on your Hard Drive.  Yeah, you might as well look that up, too.


File Compression

See Compression


File Name

All files on your hard drive have names.  What you are reading right now, for example, was originally called “winterms.doc” - the “winterms” part gives the file it’s distinctive identity (you are limited to 8 characters for this part to the left of the “.”) and the “doc” part, called the “extension”, tells you what kind of file it is.  In this case I called it “winterms” because they are Windows-related computer terms, and you know it is a document file probably made in a word processor because of the “.doc” extension.


File Server

See Server.


Floppy Disk

See Diskette.  Ha!  How’s that for giving you the run-around, eh?


Font

A particular size and style of type face.  For example, Windows 3.1 and later comes with a small collection of “True Type” fonts, including “Times New Roman” and “Arial”.  You can change what font you are using inside the application you are typing in.  Also, you can determine what fonts are available to you by using the “Fonts” section of “Control Panel” (which is located in the “Main” part of Program Manager).  Got that?


Fragmentation

Bad, but normal, thing that happens to a hard drive.  After repeatedly having files added and taken away from it, a hard drive scatters the files all over the place.  It is the computer equivalent to beginning with a nice clean room - everything put neatly away and organized.....and then, after a few months things are scattered and misplaced and it takes you much longer to find what you’re looking for.  Same thing with the hard drive after months of use (well, close enough to get the concept anyway).    It has to search all over for files that used to be within easy reach.  That means two crucial things:  1)  the computer runs slower because the hard drive takes longer to read and write files, and 2) it may mean a greater likelihood for a hard drive crash due to the excessive activity of the drive.  Hard drives today are extremely reliable compared to years ago, and last a lot longer, but why take chances, right?

Right!  So, get yourself a “defragmentation” program (they come with “utility” programs like Norton Utilities and PC Tools, and there’s one in MS-DOS version 6.0 or later) and use it once a month or so.  It will keep your drive healthier and keep your system running more smoothly.  IF YOU USE A DISK COMPRESSION PROGRAM LIKE DOUBLESPACE OR STACKER, CHECK THAT PROGRAM’S DOCUMENTATION BEFORE RUNNING ANY HARD DISK UTILITY THAT DIDN’T COME WITH THE COMPRESSION PROGRAM!!!!


Freeware

As you may have guessed, this term refers to free software.   Free!  No registration fees or anything.  You can make copies and give it to whoever you want.  Freeware is usually restricted to utility programs for special purposes.  You can sometimes find freeware on electronic "bulletin boards" and On-Line Services such as CompuServe and America On-Line.

It is important to note that Shareware is NOT "freeware."  And, for that matter, neither is commercial software you buy through the mail or at the software store.  Many people view Shareware as freeware, and to do so violates the licensing agreement that accompanies the program.


Geek

See Nerd.


Grayscale

A term refering to the quality of reproduced "black and white" graphic images.  For example, if you scan a photograph at "256 grayscale" quality, then the resulting image will supposedly reflect a spectrum of "shades of gray" from black to white of that number.  So, a "256 grayscale" scanner will produce much better quality images than a "64 grayscale" scanner.


High Memory Area (HMA)

This refers to the first 64K (64,000 bytes) of Extended Memory.  Since Extended Memory is the RAM over 1 megabyte, the "HMA is the area between 1,048,576 bytes and  1,114,112 bytes.  Or, put another way, the area between 1 megabyte and 1.0625 megabytes.

Now, aren't you glad you asked?

Really, though, this can be an important thing when you're using a memory manager such as DOS's "Memmaker" or a program such as "QEMM386" or "386MAX".  See Extended Memory for more information on this invigorating topic!!


Icons

The little buttons with pictures on them in Windows and Windows applications.  They let you do things when you click or “double-click” them.  Like open applications, print, save your work, play solitaire, and other vital tasks.  This is easier than DOS programs, where you have to sometimes remember what to type. Sometimes rows of these at the top of an application are called "Button Bars" or "Tool Bars".

Incidentally, many types of Windows applications or "applets" (as the mini-applications that come with Windows are called) share identical or similar icons for the sake of convention, to reduce the learning curve for new Windows users, and perhaps also to reduce the number of idiotic and impossible to decipher icons that exist.  For example, the same icon that appears in the "Accessories" group in Program Manager for "Notepad" - which is a little blue notepad - is the same one that will appear in most Windows applications that have a text file (usually called "readme" or something like that) accessible through Program Manager.  And, most applications' help files have icons that appear as yellow question marks.  Also used in abundance are file folders (for "open file" and "save file"), flashlights (for "Search"), and scissors (for "Cut", with a bottle of paste being the obvious choice for "Paste").


Integrated Application

These are “works” type programs, such as “Microsoft Works” or “Lotus Works” or “Word Perfect Works” or “PFS: Window Works”....you get the idea.  They are applications that usually have miniature versions of a word processing, database, and spreadsheet program built into the same application.  Some will have other features as well.  These are excellent programs for persons new to computing that don’t need full-blown versions of these types of applications.  Also, they are smart choices for persons with laptop or notebook (portable) computers with limited memory and disk storage space, because these programs take up a lot less memory and room on your hard drive than their bigger software siblings.


Interlaced

A nasty way for a monitor to behave.  Computer monitors actively draw lines across your screen at a very fast rate and, depending on how good your monitor and video card is, you may or may not notice a “flicker” on your screen.  When you run Windows, any noticeable flicker can literally give you headaches and may cause you to have fantasies of throwing your monitor out an upstairs window in “spoiled rock star” fashion.  So, anyway, the term “interlaced” refers to a screen drawing method used by older VGA monitors in which the odd-numbered lines (1,3,5...) are drawn at once, and then the even-numbered lines (2,4,6...) are drawn, followed by the odd-numbered lines, and so on.  These switching back and forth between odd and even lines happens real fast, so instead of seeing the lines being literally drawn you see what appears to be the screen image flashing and flickering.  This effect is a lot worse at “high resolutions” on a “Super VGA” (SVGA) monitor operating at 800 X 600 resolution or (worse still!) at 1024 X 768 resolution.  At these higher resolutions, also, everything on the screen is smaller:  The total experience being one of sheer visual agony.  The solution to reeking resolution?  Get a “non-interlaced” monitor, or run Windows only at 640 X 480 (standard VGA) resolution.  A non-interlaced monitor draws the even and odd-numbered lines at the same time, so you are “flicker free” compared to the interlaced models.  Also be aware that the quality of your video card (located inside your computer box) will have a great deal to do with the degree of flicker you experience and the overall image quality of what you see on your monitor screen.  As a general rule of thumb, a “Windows accelerator” video card does a better job of image quality (and video speed) than a plain VGA video card.  Also, a “local bus” video card will usually do an even better job of this than a non-local bus card.  And, the local bus cards are faster than regular Windows accelerator cards.  Bottom line:  go with VESA Local Bus video cards if you have a local bus computer, and 16-bit Windows accelerator video cards if you have a non-local bus computer.  You get what you pay for.  Of course, if you have a Pentium computer system with a PCI video card, you probably have a non-interlaced monitor and none of the above would really apply to you.  Wasn’t it nice of me to wait until now to tell you this?  Tee hee!


Internet

The infamous “Information Highway” term usually refers to this extensive On-Line computer network that is supposed to be able to link PC users all over the world.  At the time of this writing (1994), there is a great deal of debate in the computer publications over how the Information Highway should be managed, regulated, and paid for.


I/O Card

The "Input/Output Card" is an expansion card in your computer that allows you to attach such lovely and necessary accessories as a printer and a mouse.  The I/O card has, usually, at least one "parallel" port (called "LPT1" if you only have one) that serves as a printer connection, and at least one "serial" port (called "COM1", again, if you only have one, but you probably have two on there somehow) that serves as a mouse connection.


J. Edgar Hoover

See Drag


K (Kilobytes)

K means “thousands”.....so “100K” means “100,000” - probably referring to bytes.  (See Byte)


LAN

“Local Area Network”  If you aren’t sure what this really is, you probably aren’t connected to one.  I’m sorry, that was tacky of me.  Okay, a LAN is a method by which several PCs can be connected together so the users of these computers can share files and printers, and communicate with each other by the use of E-Mail (electronic mail).  (See Peer-to-Peer Network)


Local Bus

See “VESA Local Bus”


Maximize

Make bigger.  “Well, duh!” you say.  But, wait!  Click on the little “-” box at the top left corner of any window in Windows, and you’ll see this term.  The “maximize” command here will make the window fill up your screen, and the corresponding minimize command will shrink it down to icon size...meaning it will turn into a little icon at the bottom of your screen.  Oh, so neat.


Math Co-processor

A chip that you can add to your motherboard if you have a 386 or slower CPU that speeds up your computer’s math calculations substantially by having all these things done by the coprocessor.  This frees up the CPU to do other things, so the result is that things go faster.  Coprocessors are especially useful if you do “math intensive” things with your computer, like heavy graphic work (desktop publishing, photo editing, or Computer Aided Design and engineering) or intensive number-crunching in spreadsheets.  If you have a 486DX or higher CPU, the math coprocessor is actually in the CPU itself.  486SX computer owners have to upgrade their machines to a “DX” by using the “vacancy slot” or “OverDrive” slot on the motherboard.  If you have a 486SX, refer to your computer’s owner manual.  If the manual is one of those written by someone with little grasp of English, call your computer’s manufacturer.  They’ll be happy to help you spend more money.


Memory

See “RAM”.  I’m just trying to be difficult.


Megabyte

See “Byte”.  A megabyte is roughly 1 million bytes.


Megahertz (MHz)

A measure of electrical frequency, which is equal to one million cycles per second.  Who cares, right?  Well, nerds do.  And you should too, because this is the number that you see listed next to the kind of processor you have.  So, a “486DX-33” processor runs at a speed of 33 MHz.  The higher the number, the faster your processor.  And, therefore, the faster your computer.  So, it really does matter, unless you don’t care if your computer is fast or slow.  As if.

Oh, yeah.  This term was named after a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz.  In case you were interested.

Guess not.


Menu

Look at the top of your computer screen when you’re in Windows.  You’ll see a row of words at the top of your screen, beginning on the left side, that begins with the word “File”, then “Edit”, and so on.  These are “menus”, and you can perform tasks by clicking on the word and choosing an item on the list that drops down in response to your click.  You can also drop the menu list down by holding down the <Alt> key and pressing the letter that is underlined, and then using the down arrow key to go to the menu item you want.


MIDI

Stands for "Musical Instrument Digital Interface", this process allows one or more computers or electronic instruments to create music (or other sound) and even lighting.  In purchasing a sound card for your computer, it is a good idea to make sure it has the ability to at least play MIDI files.  Most sound cards presently do.


Minimize

Make smaller, as in the size of your window.  See "maximize" for more information on this absolutely captivating (-yawn-) topic.


Modem

The device that allows you to communicate with other computers all over the planet though the use of phone lines.  An “internal” modem is a card, or board, that fits inside your computer that you can plug a phone cord into.  An “external” modem does the same thing, but they don’t take up a slot in your computer (in case you think you run out), they are more expensive, and they have nifty little lights on them.  To use a modem, you also have to have “communications software”.  Lucky for you Windows users, because Windows comes with an applet called “Terminal” which allows you to use your modem.  Also, if you join “On-Line services” such as Prodigy, America On-Line, or CompuServe, you get software for those particular services.  The fees are reasonable, it opens your computer up to a whole wonderful world, and you can have a real blast.  However, watch how long you chat with other users on the information highway, because you can spend a small fortune in connect charges if you aren’t careful.  Used with moderation, though, modems can be one of the best things about having a personal computer.  Modem speeds, or “transfer rates” are measured in “baud rates” or “BPS” rates.  These are close to the same thing, but not quite.  Modem speeds range anywhere from about 300 baud to 14,000 and over.  The higher the number, the faster the communication speed....and the lower your connect time charges each month.  So, in other words, pass up the pokey 2,400 speed modem for the 9,600 or 14,000 speed modem or higher if you can afford it.  You’ll save a good deal of money in the long run.


Monitor

The computer screen, and the box it's enclosed in.


Mouse

You may have your hand on one right now!  Also called a "pointing device" and "input device", it is an essential piece of hardware for anyone using Windows.  Oh, sure, you can muddle through Windows and even some Windows applications by memorizing an enormous list of keystrokes, but doing that only reduces Windows to a pretty version of DOS.  The inherant ease, comparatively speaking, of learning Windows applications over their DOS counterparts is the fact that learning the Windows graphical interface allows you to learn most any Windows application much more quickly because they share the same basic menu structure, the same type of help system, and the convenience of clicking colorful icons over learning those old keystokes.  Who on earth would rather remember "Ctrl+F7" means print than simply clicking on the picture of the printer?

If you're trying to use Windows without a mouse, I'm frankly wondering two things.  1)  WHY????  and, 2)  How are you getting around in this help program?  Listen, mice can be had for under $20.00, so get real.

As an aside, the mouse shopper should know a couple of rodent facts.  PC compatible computers use either the two-button or three-button type of mouse.  For most users, the middle button on a three-button mouse is about as useful as a raincoat in the Saharra.  Plus, the buttons are a bit smaller, so users with fairly large fingers may hit the middle button frequenly by mistake.  A final note:  most mice made today are "Microsoft compatible" or "Logitech compatible" or "Mouse Systems compatible," and as long as one of those compatibilities are true, then it will work fine in Windows.  Just follow the directions that come with the mouse as to the procedure for loading the mouse driver on your computer so it will work with Windows.


MPC Compatibility

"MPC" stands for "Multimedia PC", and "MPC Compatibility" refers to standards for video, sound, and performance in a "multimedia PC".  In 1990, the "Multimedia PC Marketing Council" (a collection of individuals from 12 companies) developed a set of specifications for what they considered to be the minimum hardware you had to have on your computer in order for it to be considered capable of running software with moving video and sound.

Yes, this is the stuff that only true nerds would enjoy reading.  But, if you are thinking of buying a new computer or upgrading the one you already have, these are important specifications for you to know.  Hundreds of dollars is a terrible thing to waste on equipment that gives you lousy performance!

The orginal 1990 MPC standard, now called "MPC Level 1", provided information on what was the absolute minimal hardware you had to have to run Windows-based multimedia applications.  The newer, "Level 2" specifications do not replace the Level 1 specs, but raises the perfomance level in consideration of the ever-increasing demands that multimedia applications place on a system.  In other words, there is no such thing as a PC that is "too fast" when it comes to multimedia.

Here are the MPC Level 2 minimum standards.  WARNING:  this is nerd heaven!  Read the following only if you are a nerd, nerd wannabe, or have no choice because you're getting ready to buy multimedia equipment!!!!!

CPU:  486SX running at 25 MHz

RAM:  4 megabytes

Hard Disk:  160 megabytes

Video:  640X480 resolution, with a video card capable of displaying 65K (65 thousand colors)

CD-ROM:

           Transfer rate: 300KB/sec (bigger is better)

           Seek time:  400ms (smaller is better)

           CPU use:  60% at 300KB/sec. (how much of the CPU's time is spent dealing with the CD-ROM)

           Standards supported:  CD Audio, CD XA, Multisession, Subchannel Q

Sound:

           Sample sizes:  8-bit, 16-bit (16 sounds better than 8, but the resulting sound file takes up more hard drive space)

           Sample rates:  11kHz, 22kHz, 44kHz (again, bigger numbers mean better sound and more required storage space for the sound files)

           Input mixing:  yes (you can record and edit your own sound files)

           MIDI:  in, out, pass-through (see the "MIDI" topic for more information)

           CPU use:  10% (how much of the CPU's time is spent on dealing with the sound card)

For the prospective multimedia hardware buyer, a word of caution:  as of this writing (1994), multimedia is still a relatively young and fragile thing for a computer to do.  For most users, the complexity of adding a CD-ROM drive and sound card to your computer greatly exceeds that of adding a hard drive or tape backup system.  The possibility of hardware conflicts exist in abundance, and the headaches involved in trying to resolve them can quickly overwhelm even an experienced PC user.  For these reasons, it is usually better for someone new to multimedia to either purchase a new system with multimedia capability already included, OR to purchase a multimedia upgrade kit, which includes CD-ROM drive, sound card, and speakers.  Potential hardware conflicts are minimized (as the new components have already been tested for compatibility with each other) and installation and setup is easier.  But, just in case, make sure you send in those registration cards and keep the technical support number handy...


Motherboard

The big electronic circuit board inside your computer that holds your cards (like hard drive/floppy drive controller cards, video card that connects to your monitor, and the “I/O Card” that usually has serial and parallel ports that you hook up your mouse and printer to.  It also holds your memory (RAM) chips and your CPU.  It is the “mother of all circuit boards”, if you’ll excuse the reference to the Gulf War.


Multi-tasking

The ability of Windows to run more than one application at a time.  For example, you can write a word processing document in one “window”, while running a spreadsheet application in another window right next to it - at the same time.  You have to have a lot of RAM (memory) to do this, so see “RAM” before you crash!!!


Network

(See LAN also)  A bunch of Personal Computers connected to each other so that they can share files, printers, and send E-Mail.


Network Adapter

A circuit board ("expansion card") that fits into a slot on the computer's motherboard and allows you to link your computer to a network of other computers.


Nerd

Contrary to popular belief, you don’t have to be a nerd to effectively use and (GASP!) even enjoy using Windows and Windows applications.  The Windows and Macintosh graphical environments have made it possible for persons not technically inclined to enter the computer age.  But, it you are a nerd, it’s nothing to be ashamed of.  We’ve already conquered corporate America, and we’re gaining ground in homes in your very neighborhood!!  (see also Code and Bill Gates)


Non-Interlaced

(See Interlaced)


Open

To access a program or file so that you can use it.  Windows is a multi-tasking environment, so if you have a 386 processor or better and enough RAM you can have several files and even applications open and running at the same time.


Operating System

(See DOS for more information on this topic.)  The software that allows your computer to run.  No other software can run on your computer unless you have the operating system on the hard drive.  In fact, you won’t be able to “boot” (turn it on) it successfully if there’s no operating system.   Just to clear up a small piece of controversy:  Windows 3.0 or 3.1 is NOT an “operating system” because it cannot run without DOS...which is a real live operating system.  “Windows NT”, however, really is an operating system because it doesn’t have to have DOS.


Paste

(See Copy....I keep doing that to you, don’t I?)


PCI Bus

A PC architecture seen in Pentium systems (and some 486s made in 1994 or later) that allows data to be moved very rapidly back and forth between the CPU,  memory, hard drive, and video cards inside the computer box.  Kind of like the VESA Local Bus architecture, but not exactly.  See Architecture for more nerdy and somewhat interesting details!


Peer-to-Peer Network

(See LAN)  A “peer-to-peer” network is one in which each PC relates to each other on the network equally.  In other words, everybody can share files and printers with everybody else, when they want to give and receive this ability.  “Windows for Workgroups” is a peer-to-peer network.  Other “client-server” style networks use one big monster computer for the bulk of the programs and data, and allow PC “workstations” to get information from this larger computer.


Peripheral Device

Things like printers and scanners that connect to your computer box.


PIF Setting

PIF stands for "Program Information File."  This is a file that gives Windows information about a DOS - based application, so you can run that program in a "DOS Window" while in Windows.  In other words, if the PIF settings are correct, you can run DOS applications without leaving Windows and can even "multi-task" them by running them in a separate window at the same time another application is running.

To do this, click on the "PIF Editor" icon, located in the "Main" group in Program Manager.  For specific instructions on creating or changing these settings, see your Windows manual.  It will guide you through telling the PIF Editor what memory settings the DOS program will use, prioritizing, and all sorts of other nifty things.  It gets a wee bit complicated if you're not used to it, so hang in there!  The benefits are definately worth it if you plan to run DOS programs when in Windows.  If you're quite sure that you'll never need to do this (not even games?), then the PIF Editor will be of little or no interest to you.  But, at least now you know what it is when you see it again, right?


Pixel

(see also Dot Pitch)  A shortened version of the term “Picture Element”, this term refers to the tiny individual dots that make up the image on your monitor’s screen.  The more pixels, or dots, in a given area = the better the quality of the image on your screen.  Like a photograph in a magazine looks a lot better than one in a newspaper because the newspaper photo’s dots can be seen by the naked eye most of the time.  Well, at least if you look real close.


Port

A socket in the back of your computer that connects it to peripheral devices, such as a printer, a mouse, a scanner, or a modem.  There are two main types of ports:  Serial and parallel.

Serial ports are frequently used for connecting modems and mice.  Most computers have serial ports labeled "COM1" and "COM2", and some also have "COM3" and "COM4."

Parallel ports are usually used for printers in most PCs, and are able to transmit data at faster rates than are serial ports.  Parallel ports are known as "LPT1" and "LPT2" on most computers.


Power User

Supposedly, this term refers to a business person who thinks he or she has to have the fastest machine possible to get their work done.  In actuality, it is anyone who spends a lot of time reading computer magazines so they can learn about the latest computer hardware and software products.  They then think of excuses for “needing” these things in hopes that they can talk their boss or spouse into letting them but them.  They usually buy the stuff first, and then explain later why they were needed.


Programming

The process of writing computer software (see also Code).


Processor

See CPU.


Propeller-head

See Nerd.  Do you think I may have some sort of depraved need to make you jump around all over the place?


RAM

Stands for “Random Access Memory.”  These are actually circuit boards the size of fingers with little silicon chips on them.  The chips hold bytes of information AS LONG AS YOU HAVE THE POWER ON!!!  Once you turn the power off, the information goes with it.  Computers made in the last few years have one or more “megabytes” of RAM.  If you have 1 megabyte (or “meg”) of RAM, you can run most DOS programs.  But, you can’t even run Windows with only 1 meg of RAM.  You need at least 4 megs of RAM to do much of anything in Windows, and 8 or more if you want to run multiple programs efficiently (see multi-tasking, Extended Memory, and UMB for more nerdy excitement!).


Reboot

Simultaneously holding down the <Ctrl>, <Alt>, and <Del> keys and letting go...which will boot your computer (restart it).  Only do this when you are out of Windows or a message on your screen tells you to do it.  (See also Boot).


Resolution

Refers to the number of pixels in your computer screen’s display.  For example, if you are running Windows in “640 X 480” resolution, that means you are viewing less pixels in a given area than if you are running it at “800 X 600”....and, therefore, the image on your screen will be less clearly defined.  But, it also means that the words and little icons on your screen will be a lot bigger.  It’s a trade off, especially if you have a 14” monitor:  in which case you’re better off running Windows in “standard Windows resolution” of 640 X 480 so you can actually see what’s on your screen without getting a migraine.  (See also Pixel and Interlaced).


Scanner

An optical device that sort of takes a picture of, or “scans” a document, photo, or other image - and allows you to then manipulate, store, and print the image with your computer.  There two basic kinds of scanners.  The less expensive kind is a “hand scanner” that looks like a big mouse with a light on it.  These produce images that are not nearly the quality of those produced by the more expensive “flat-bed scanner”.  These look like little personal copier machines.  Both hand and flat-bed scanners come in greyscale (black and white and gray) and color models, and allow you to scan images at really high resolutions...depending on how much money you have.  A must-have for those working seriously with graphics and desktop publishing, and a really cool toy for people who can afford them.


Server

The main workhorse of a network, this is a big hulk of a computer (comparatively speaking) that has a bunch of little computers (comparatively speaking, again) connected to it.  These little computers, often called “work stations”, can access files on the hard drive(s) of the Server.  (See also LAN)


Shareware

Shareware is both a kind of software and a marketing concept.  Shareware is software that you can "try before you buy," then if you like it and continue to use it after a reasonable evaluation period, you are expected to register it and pay for it.  In exchange for the registration fee, you can get (depending on the particular software) technical support, diskette(s) containing the latest version of the program, and printed instructions/manual.

You can get shareware by either buying the diskettes from stores or mail order companies (usually for little more than the cost of the diskettes), or by downloading the programs from an on-line service such as America On-Line or CompuServe.  Of course, in the latter example you pay for additional connect time and sometimes even pay additionally for the privilege of downloading.

Advantages to shareware are many.  The obvious benefit is that if you don't particularly like the product and don't plan to use it, you don't have to pay for it.  Registration fees for shareware are usually less than for similar, "commercial" products.  Also, there are many highly specialized applications that you can get in shareware that you just cannot get any other way unless you write it yourself.  And, if you like really bizarre types of games and screen savers (for example, shooting rodents as they pop up out of the ground and a dancing Madonna screen saver), you will only find them as shareware in most cases.  Finally, the shareware concept is simple and effective:  you shouldn't have to pay big bucks for something that you don't like and don't intend to use.  However, if you DO use it you should pay for it.  When people adhere conscientiously to this concept and pay for what they use, then independent software developers are able to produce quality software at reasonable prices due to a much lower overhead than major companies have.

And, by the way.  If you have registered for THIS program...thank you.  People like you allow the shareware concept to continue.


Hey!

Just wanted to let you know that you're ALMOST THROUGH!!!!!

(You haven't been scrolling through the whole thing, have you?)


Sound Card

This is an expansion card that allows you to play music, voice, and other sounds through your computer.  You plug it into a "slot" on your computer's motherboard and plug speakers and (sometimes) a microphone into it.  This is part of what makes a computer a "multimedia PC".  With this capability, many games and educational applications come alive with stereo sound.  A 16-bit sound card is essential, and good-quality speakers are obviously important.  A great sound card will produce hidious sound with lousy speakers, just as bad speakers can ruin the overall sound of an expensive stereo system.  So, if you're looking to buy, stay away from the tiny speakers with nothing more than a volume control knob.  Your ears will thank you.

It is important for a sound card to be "Sound Blaster compatible," as some games and educational applications will play only through a card with this capability.  Older sound cards may adhere to different standards, and may or may not produce acceptable sound with today's multimedia applications.


System.ini

One of two crucial system files that Windows uses to tell your computer what to do when Windows starts. It is never a good idea to make any changes to this file yourself unless you are copying verbatim what your Windows or application’s documentation tells you to do OR if you are familiar enough with Windows to be able to recover from any horrible results from the changes you make.  In any case, always make a back up copy of this file before you change anything in it.  (See also Win.ini)


System Resources

Simply put, the hardware resources (i.e., memory) that Windows uses.  Windows is a real resource hog, as are most Windows applications.  The more resources that are used up, the slower your computer will run and the more likely it is to crash.  So, it behooves the intrepid user to cut down on needless resource use by the hungry beast that is Windows.  To check to see what System Resources you have available at any given time when running Windows, go to Program Manager, click on the “Help” menu, and choose “About...”  The “about” box will give you what you have available, in percentage form.  You can reduce what Windows uses by limiting how many programs you are running at once, but not using real cute and colorful wallpaper, and by not having tons of windows with zillions of colorful icons displaying at once in Program Manager.


Tool Bar

See “Icons” and "Button Bar."


VESA Local Bus

Also known as “VL-Bus”, this is a type of motherboard design that allows more data to pass from one thing to another inside your computer.  In particular, PC’s with VL-Bus have much faster video (graphics on the screen appear much faster) because the data moves along a wider “bus” and so more of it can be transfered from the “video card” connected to your monitor to the CPU.  And all that makes Windows run faster.  As of the time of this writing (Summer, 1994), it’s hard to find a 486 or better computer that doesn’t use some sort of local bus.  However, as of right now and in the very near future, you probably should stick with a machine with either the VESA local bus or PCI local bus standard.  Some computer manufacturers use their own scheme for this (and when they do this, it’s called a “proprietary” design) that other computers don’t have - which makes repairs and upgrades a rather expensive pain.  And, by all means, you are strongly advised NOT to buy a computer that doesn’t use a local bus design...they are just too slow by today’s standards and the difference in cost to the manufacturer right now is less than $100.00.


Video Card

The circuit board in your computer that is stuck in a slot in the motherboard that allows your monitor to communicate with your computer.  The quality of your screen’s display depends heavily on the quality and type of your video card.  (See Interlaced for a complete and truly nerdy technical discussion).


Video Capture

This is the process of using special hardware (a "video capture board") and software to transfer linear video into digital data that the computer can read and edit.  With such a setup, one can view and edit segments of video on the computer screen and save these segments to disk.

While this provides a great deal of functionality, it presents some serious problems at the current state of its evolving technology.  The most pressing difficulty is the sheer size of the files that are generated.  A few seconds of even poor quality video and sound can take up multiple megabytes of hard drive space.  If you create a video clip that combines CD-quality audio and "true-color" (24-bit) video, a few seconds can create a file 100 megabytes or even larger in size.  And, if that weren't discouraging enough, this massive amount of data creates a bottleneck for the hard drive, processor, and video subsystem of most computers because they simply cannot handle this much data moving from one place to the other without going REAL slow.  For example, I recently edited a 15-second video clip, and it took the 486DX2-66 computer with 16 megabytes of RAM and a blazing fast local bus video card 30 MINUTES to do the task.

Fortunately, compression techniques allow you to shrink the size of the file to a small fraction of its uncompressed size, thus making it possible to actually store a few seconds of video on your hard drive without wiping it out in the process.  Microsoft, Intel, and others have their own compression formats, and the degree to which they reduce the size of the video files increases as multimedia technology matures further.


.WAV Files

Files with a ".wav" extension are sound files that can be played using Window's "Sound Recorder" (in the "Accessories" group in Program Manager), if you have a sound card and speakers.  Also, you can record .wav files with Sound Recorder if you have a microphone with your sound card.  And, you can assign sounds to "system events" by using the "Sounds" function (under "Control Panel" in the "Main" group in Program Manager).  These system events include opening and closing files and applications, and launching and exiting Windows itself.

A few .wav files are included with Windows, and more can be obtained through your favorite software shop or by downloading them from on-line services (like CompuServe and America On-Line).  Try it out!  It's fun to have Porky Pig say "That's all folks!" when you exit Windows!


Window

Box with information in it, that you can resize and move around.  Program Manager, for example, is in a window.  So is File Manager.  So is any application you run in Windows.  Gee, I wonder where they got the name Windows?


WYSIWYG

Stands for “What You See Is What You Get”.  This refers to the ability of some Windows applications (most notably Windows Word Processors) to display a document on your monitor’s screen the same way that it will look when printed.


Word Processor

For those with personal computers, this refers to a kind of software application that can do anything from serving as a high-powered typewriter to letting you write a 300 page book...and everything in between.  Windows word processing applications (like “Microsoft Word for Windows”, “Ami Pro”, and “Word Perfect for Windows”) are extremely powerful and full-featured programs that look and act more like desktop publishing programs than typewriters on steroids.

Whatta you lookin' at?  This is the end of the topic, already!


The term "video subsystem" here refers to your monitor (what you're looking at now) and  video card.  See the "Video Card" topic.


Computer Shopper is a monthly magazine that is more like a huge (i.e., 800 pages) catalog of advertisements by many, many direct channel (mail order) computer companies.  It also contains numerous articles on hardware, software, technical information, and the computer industry in general.


- To pick a term alphabetically, choose from the list below.

- To search for a term by picking a related topic, use the "Search" button above.

- To scroll through the list of terms, listed in alphabetical order, use the "<<" and ">>" scroll buttons above.

- To go to the last term you picked, click the "Back" button above.

- And, finally, to see the last 40 topics you've picked, click the "History" button above.


Autoexec.bat

A file located in your root ("C:\>") directory that tells your computer what to do when it turns on, or “boots”.  More specifically, it gives your computer instructions on where some files are, what directories you want to have easy access to, and what commands you want the computer to “auto”matically “exec”ute when it starts up.  For example, if you type “mem” at the end of your autoexec.bat file, the next time you boot your computer, DOS will display memory information on your screen.  DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING IN YOUR AUTOEXEC.BAT FILE WITHOUT FIRST CHECKING YOUR DOS MANUAL TO MAKE SURE YOU’RE DOING IT RIGHT - AND WITHOUT FIRST MAKING A COPY OF THE FILE ON AN EMERGENCY “BOOT DISKETTE”.  FAILURE TO HEED THESE WARNINGS MAY RESULT IN YOUR COMPUTER PLAYING POSSUM AND IN YOUR LOSS OF PRODUCTIVITY, SANITY, AND MONEY (should you have to hire someone to fix the mess that would be made).  Also see “config.sys”, it’s twin start-up file.


Baud

The term indicates the number of signal elements that can be transmitted per second, and is most often used to refer to the speed of a computer's internal or external modem.  It isn't quite the same thing as "bps" (bits per second), although the two terms are often used interchangeably.  For those of you who are really desperate for something to read, it may interest you to know that the word is derived from the last name of a French scientist who invented the "Baudot code."  And, yes, his last name was Baudot.  J.M.E. Baudot, who died in 1903.

But, anyway, on with the topic.  To get really picky about it, a given device will often have a faster "baud rate" than a "bits per second" or bps rating.   Each signal (baud) sent by modem may actually contain several individual bits.  So, if the true "baud rate" of a modem is really and truely 2400, then it's "bps" or "bits per second" rating will be much higher than that.  2400 "baud" means that 2400 signal changes are being transmitted each second, but since each signal change may include several bits of data, the bps rating may be many times higher.

So, what does that mean for you, the modem owner or prospective buyer?  Well, it means that numbers can be tricky unless you know what they mean, but you already knew that.  Mostly, it means that the majority of people use the terms "baud" and "b.p.s." to mean the same thing when in a strict, technical sense they are not the same thing.  When shopping, keep in mind that industry standards keep raising the bar as to what is considered entry level computing, and modem and fax/modem speeds are no different.  Not long ago, 2400 bps modems were the norm and if they were "fax/modems" the fax part was 9600 bps.  Now (at the time of this writing), that is considered dreadfully slow and most new systems that are equiped with such devices have fax/modems which are rated at 14,400 bps for both fax and data transmission.  28,800 bps devices are on the market and will probably take over before you can say "Anti-Trust Lawsuit".

Such is the relentless progression of the computer industry.  And the "end-user" is the primary benefactor.


Back Up

The smart practice of saving data from your computer’s hard drive to floppy diskettes, tapes (also known as “data cartridges”), or removable media like “Bernoulli” removable hard drives or optical disks (that are like little CD-ROMs except they can be written to as well as read from).    This is a crucial habit to get into, because even today’s long-lasting and highly reliable hard drives do crash sometimes.  And, much data is lost due to things like power surges and spikes (BUY AND USE A GOOD SURGE PROTECTOR!!!), accidental formatting of disks, and other forms of user error.  Most computer users have had the experience of accidentally deleting a needed file, and some have even formatted a hard drive by accident.  And, no, that doesn’t mean you’re stupid.  It happens!  So, use a good back up program.  DOS 6.0 and above includes a highly usable backup program with a Windows interface.  Other good backup programs are included in utility programs such as “The Norton Utilities,” “PC Tools,” and free-standing backup programs such as “Fastback” and others have saved many a hapless computer user from utter disaster.  Learn about and use a good backup program faithfully, and one day you will be very grateful.  The best way to do this is to invest in a tape backup system.  They have come down a lot in price to the point where you can get the hardware and software for this for under $200.  Think of it this way:  are you more likely to hang around your computer for over an hour sticking in dozens of floppy diskettes, or are you more likely to stick in a tape, hit a couple of buttons, and leave for a few minutes while it does the work for you?  That’s what I thought....buy a tape backup system!


Bus

In a computer, a “bus” is not what you ride in but what you ride ON.  The road that carries information inside the computer from one part of the machine to another is the bus.  And, just like in real life, the wider the road the better traffic moves through it.  Older computers, like the original IBM AT and all “286” computers had smaller busses than the ones on today’s 486 or better computers with “Local Bus” or “PCI Bus” hardware.  These new busses are wider - for example, a “32-bit” bus is like a 5 lane highway in that it moves a lot of information faster than a smaller bus, or 2-lane highway possible can.  The more graphics you use in a program (most Windows programs qualify here), the more your traffic can back up unless your computer has more lanes in it’s highway - or a wider data path, or “bus”.


CD-ROM

A drive that reads Compact Disks using your computer.  The term literally means "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory", because these disk drives cannot store information on the CDs, but can read the information off of them.  These CD-ROM disks look just like the ones you buy in the music store, and the CD-ROM drives work the same way.  These disks can contain an enormous amount of information, about 600 megabytes or so on one disk!   So, CD-ROM drives can be very useful for multimedia applications that take up a huge amount of space due to having a lot of sound and pictures.  Double- and Triple-speed CD-ROM drives go much faster than the single-speed kind.  Also check the data transfer rates and average access times of CD-ROM drives before buying one. You want the smallest number possible for the access time, and the largest number possible for the data transfer rate.


Clipbook

The Windows for Workgroups version of the Windows 3.1 Clipboard, but it just does more in a nicer way.  See also Copy and Paste.


Gates, Bill

See Nerd.  Well, actually he is (or, at least has been) the wealthiest man in America.  He is the Chairman and CEO of the Microsoft Corporation, the maker of DOS and Windows.....and Word for Windows, and Excel, and Access, and Powerpoint, and the Microsoft Mouse, and so on and so on....


GUI

Pronounced "gooey" (no, I'm not kidding), it stands for "Graphic User Interface."  Windows is a GUI, and here's what it all means:

"Graphical" refers to the fact that Windows is more than colors and words.  It is also pictures, drawings, little buttons that you can press and click, and all kinds of boxes that you can move around.  It is this "graphical" nature of Windows that makes it much easier to learn and use than older DOS programs that are mostly text.  It's easier to click something already there than it is to remember what to type in yourself!

"User" means you, the person using the program.  To the computer, anyway, you are the user.  To the computer industry you are the consumer, or "end-user" - meaning you are the one that uses the stuff that they make.  Therefore, you are the one that determines their fate.  And, sometimes they remember this long enough to make quality products you can use!!

"Interface" means mode of communication.  The "interface" between you, the user, and the computer itself is the software that you see represented on the screen.  It allows you to tell the computer what to do.  When you click the little printer button in a Windows application, you are telling the software to tell the computer to tell the printer to print.  So, Windows is the "interface" between you and the computer, and as such it simply tells the computer what you want it to do.


Hard Drive

Same as “hard disk” or “hard disk drive” or “spinning metal plates that are read like phonograph records that hold data and programs.”  When you “save” something you are working on, and you see the little light flicker and hear the little clickity clickity click noise - you are writing information to your hard drive where it will stay until you either erase it or something bad happens (see Crash).  Data on the hard drive stays there after the power is turned off, just like something recorded on an audio or video tape.  Hard drive capacity is measured in megabytes, and the more you have the better.  Not long ago, an 80 Megabyte (“meg”) hard drive seemed like the grand canyon.  Now there are single programs that are half that size.  The difference?  More graphics=more disk space needed to hold programs.  Oh, yeah.  The “C:\>“ prompt refers to the “C” drive - which is the hard drive.  Floppy diskette drives are designated by the letters “A” (for one floppy drive) and “B” (for a second floppy drive).  And, if you have a  CD-ROM drive, it’s probably known as the “D” drive (unless you use a disk compression program, in which case the CD-ROM is probably the “E” drive....sorry, I’ll stop now).


Hot Keys

Combinations of keys that do certain things.  For example, a word processing program may print your document when you press the <Ctrl> and <F8> keys together.  In this scenario, <Ctrl> + <F8> would be the “hot key combination” for printing.


Applications

Programs.  Applications.  Same thing.  Windows is an environment in which you run Windows programs, or Applications.  Windows applications have a similar look and feel, making them easier to learn and use.


On-Line Service

A collection of services (sources of information, files, programs, message sending and receiving, etc.) located on a remote computer facility that you can gain access to using a modem on your computer.  To utilize such a service, you must first join and agree to pay a monthly usage fee.  From that point, you have options on most services to extend beyond the "basic" services and use services which cost extra.  Popular on-line services include America OnLine, CompuServe, Prodigy, and Delphi.  See also Bulletin Board.


SIMMS

Term stands for "Single In-line Memory Modules".  These are narrow strips of circuit board which have small, black  chips soldered to them.  They are commonly found in two varieties at the present time (1994):  9-bit (30-pin) SIMMs, and 36-bit (72-pin) SIMMs.  The 72-pin SIMMs are usually found on newer 486 and Pentium systems and are physically larger (taller and longer) than the older 30-pin type.  The 30-pin SIMMs come in 256K, 1 megabyte, and 4 megabyte sizes.  The 72-pin SIMMs are presently available in 1 meg, 2 meg, 4 meg, 8 meg, and 16 meg varieties.  So, if you have a newer system that has a rated RAM capacity of over 16 megabytes (for motherboards with 4 SIMM slots) or 32 megabytes (for motherboards with 8 SIMM slots), you are using 72-pin SIMMs.  IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO CHECK THE DOCUMENTATION THAT CAME WITH YOUR SYSTEM TO SEE EXACTLY THE TYPE OF MEMORY MODULES YOUR SYSTEM USES BEFORE BUYING ADDITIONAL MEMORY!!  Check the speed of the chips (i.e., 60, 70, or 80 ns), the number of chips on each SIMM (i.e., 3, 9, or 12), the capacity (how many megs), and whether they are 72 or 30-pin.  MOST HARDWARE VENDORS DO NOT TAKE BACK NON-DEFECTIVE MEMORY MODULES, SO IF YOU GET THE WRONG TYPE IT'S PRETTY MUCH YOUR PROBLEM!  IF YOU HAVE ANY DOUBT ABOUT WHAT KIND YOU NEED, CALL YOUR COMPUTER'S MANUFACTURER.

Finally, any silicon chip - and especially memory chips - are notoriously sensitive to static electricity.  The amount of static that gives your finger a mild "pop" at the water fountain can destroy a SIMM that cost you perhaps hundreds of dollars.  Familiarize yourself with static electricity precautions, and as a rule of thumb, handle internal computer components only when wearing a grounding wrist strap (available at many electronic stores).  These things only cost a few dollars.


Spreadsheet

In over-simplified terms, the software equivalent of an accountant’s ledger book.  You can write, modify, and organize financial information like budgets and “accounts payable”/”accounts receivable” with a spreadsheet program.  If you really get into spreadsheet use, you owe it to yourself to check into a modern Windows spreadsheet application, which make the older DOS spreadsheets look pathetic by comparison.  You would also be well-advised to invest in either a 486 or higher processor-based computer, or get yourself a math co-processor to enable the math-intensive nature of a spreadsheet to run faster.  It would also be a good idea to load your machine up with as much RAM as you can.  Hey, I’m not trying to sell you hardware or anything, I’m just being realistic!!!  Windows spreadsheet applications are wonderful, but they run like molasses in January if you have a slow processor or you don’t have enough RAM.  “How much is enough?” you may well ask.  The answer?  As much as you can afford at the time.  At the time of this writing (1994), 8 megabytes of RAM is sufficient for Windows spreadsheet applications.  But, in a year or so who knows?  The more you have the better.


Surge Protector

The best 10 or so dollars you'll ever spend on your computer.  If you don't have one currently hooked up to your computer, close this program, get out of Windows, turn off your computer, unplug it.....and don't plug it back in until you have purchased a surge protector and have your computer and monitor plugged into it!!!!!

"Why the hysteria?", you may well ask.  Well, electrical outlets do not provide a steady, unchanging source of electicity.  Whenever you've seen the lights in your home flicker for no apparent reason you've seen evidence of irregularities in the electrical current going to those lights.  Electrical surges are brief periods of increased current, which can blow light bulbs when you turn on a lamp and can fry parts of your computer under extreme circumstances.  Surges or really bad ones (called "spikes") can also be a cause of damaged files on your hard disk.  Sometimes people think they have a computer virus, when in reality the havoc they are experiencing is due to these electrical surges and spikes.

Even  top quality surge protectors do not provide 100% protection against all electrical irregularities, but they do protect your system against most of these occurances.  So please get one.

One more thing...if you have a fax machine or an internal or external modem or fax/modem, you absolutely MUST get a surge protector which provides protection for voltage surges and spikes in your phone line.  You can tell if the surge protector provides this protection because it will have two little places where you plug in phone cords.  A good voltage spike can turn a $2000.00 fax machine into toast in seconds, so this protection is absolutely necessary!


Trevnerd Software

For the latest in Windows applications for home, school, church, and business, write to us at this address:

     Trevnerd Software

     P.O.  Box 1245

     Franklin, TN  37065-1245

You will receive a catalog of current software titles along with prices and descriptions, information on upcoming applications still in development, and a free (that's right, FREE!!) demo disk.  Please specify 5.25" (1.2 megabyte) floppy diskette if you have to have that size, or you'll get the 3.5" (1.44 megabyte) size and won't be able to use it without bumming a machine off of someone else.

Thank you for your interest in, and use of, Trevnerd Software!

And, for crying out loud don't forget to register!!!!!


UMB

Stands for “Upper Memory Blocks”.   It is the range of memory between 640K and 1 megabyte (actually 1024K is 1 megabyte).  See also Extended Memory.


Win.ini

(See also “system.ini”) One of two crucial system files that Windows uses to tell your computer what to do when Windows starts.  It is never a good idea to make any changes to this file yourself unless you are copying verbatim what your Windows or application’s documentation tells you to do OR if you are familiar enough with Windows to be able to recover from any horrible results from the changes you make.  In any case, always make a back up copy of this file before you change anything in it.  Unless you want to write lines like this on your own: “imodemdesc=Zoom Telephonics - VFXV.32bis 14,400 (Data & Fax) imodeminit=AT&F&C1&D2&K3S7=90\” - without any mistakes.  Good luck!


Registration

The process of paying for Shareware  that you use.  This is either done by mailing the shareware author a check or registering on-line (i.e., you can often do this on CompuServe).

The benefits of registration of Trevnerd WinTerms are many!!  So many, in fact, I'll only list the most important ones here for space considerations:

     - It doesn't cost very much!

     - It's easy!

     - It gives you that wonderful feeling that comes with being honest and supporting the Shareware concept!

     - You'll encourage the development of even more quality Shareware by allowing the author to provide adequate nutrition for he and his family!

     - You'll receive the latest (expanded!!!!) version of Trevnerd WinTerms, which includes a Buyer's Guide to hardware and software and a catalog of other Trevnerd products for home, business, school, and church!

     - You won't be placed on anyone's mailing list as a result!!  (Except for Trevnerd's, of course.  But we don't have the capital to do mass mailings, so I wouldn't worry too much about that)

To register Trevnerd WinTerms and receive a diskette with the latest EXPANDED version on it, you have the following options:

  1) By Mail

  2) On-Line

Remember, when you register Shareware, you are making your use of the software legit.  And, you are supporting the concept of being able to use software before you buy it.  Thanks in advance for your cooperation!!


Registration Form (thank you!)
By Mail

To register Trevnerd WinTerms by mail, click on the "Print Topic" button above.  This will print this topic, including the registration form below.

Please fill out this form completely and send a check, cashier's check, or money order made out to "Trevnerd Software" in the amount of $7.95 (US funds only, please) to:

          Trevnerd Software

        P.O. Box 1245

        Franklin, TN  37065-1245

Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery.  It probably won't take that long, but I'd rather you be pleasantly surprised.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Yes!  I want to register Trevnerd WinTerms, and I realize that in doing so I will receive a healthier self-esteem and a program diskette of the latest EXPANDED version.  I understand that my name and address will not show up on anyone else's mailing list as a result of my registration, but that I may receive program update information and other propaganda from Trevnerd Software.

(Check one):        ____  3.5" diskette              ____ 5.25" diskette

Name:_______________________________________________

Address 1:____________________________________________

Address 2:____________________________________________

City:_________________________________________________

State:_________    Zip:____________________

I am enclosing a check, cashier's check, or money order in the amount of $7.95 made payable to Trevnerd Software.


This refers to using your modem to access an on-line service, like America On-Line or CompuServe.


This program is a Shareware program, which means that if you use it beyond a reasonable "trial" period you should register it.  In the case of Trevnerd WinTerms, we're talking a day or two.  When you do register it, your sense of self-esteem will increase dramatically and you'll be less likely to experience a severe psychiatric disturbance later in life.


Flicker

A horrible habit of "interlaced" VGA monitors that drives the user blinky.  See "Interlaced" for more on this irritating topic.


VGA

Stands for "VIdeo Graphics Array."  If you have purchased a new IBM-compatible computer system (or new color monitor in the last three or so years, you probably have a VGA monitor.  This was the display standard that first arrived on the market in 1987 when IBM rolled out their "PS/2" line of personal computers.  The VGA monitors had a higher display resolution than the older "EGA" monitors and could show more colors.  The result was that the screen's display quality was better and was much better suited for "graphical" applications, like the Windows environment which would take the personal computer industry by storm 3 years later.

Most VGA monitors today are known as "SVGA", or "Super VGA", which means that they have a maximum display resolution of at least 800 X 600, with most (circa 1994) having a maximum display of 1024 X 768, and are capable of displaying millions (!) of colors...if you have a high-powered video card to go along with it.


"Enhanced Graphics Adapter" video display standard...which could show fewer colors and had a maximum resolution of only 640 X 350, as opposed to the maximum VGA resolution of 1280 X 1024 and better.


SVGA

Stands for "Super Video Graphics Array," and is probably the kind of monitor you're looking at right now if it has been purchased in the last couple of years.  See VGA for details.


Macro

A macro is a handy way to get more work done in less time in many Windows applications - and in Windows itself.  A macro is a "recording" of mouse clicks and/or keystrokes that will play back when activated.  They are given a name (a file name) and can be assigned a shortcut method of activation (called "hot keys").

For example, let's say (not out loud) that you want to be able to type your name and address with the pressing of a couple of keys when in your word processor.  Assuming you are using a fairly modern word processor, this can be accomplished by starting the word processor's "macro recorder", assigning a name and "hot keys" to the macro, typing your name and address, and then stopping the macro recorder.  If you gave it the hot key combination "CTRL+A", then the next time you hold down the <Ctrl> and <A> keys your name and address will automatically print across the screen.

If this sort of thing interests you, check out the "Recorder" applet that comes with Windows.  It is probably located in the "Applications" group of your Program Manager.


The screen you're looking at now.


The "Expanded  Version" of Trevnerd WinTerms includes items and features not found in the Shareware version that you are now exploring on a trial basis.  The Expanded Version contains a lot more topics (including many additional network terms), a "Software Buyer's Guide", a "Hardware Buyer's Guide," and "Trevnerd's Processor Plethora" (a guide to the numerous kinds of systems/CPU's that are out there these days).  And, of course, it has more of that...uh....somewhat unique and slightly irritating humor that pervades all Trevnerd Software products.


On-Line Registration Instructions
On-Line Registration

You can register on-line if you are a member of CompuServe by following the instructions in the Windows Shareware forum (the file name you are looking for is "WINTERMS.HLP").  The $7.95 registration fee will be charged to your CompuServe account.  You can also contact Trevnerd Software for information and support through CompuServe.  The Trevnerd Software "User ID" is 71662,655.

If you are a member of America On-Line, you will not (presently, at least) be able to register on-line and will need to register by mail, but you can contact Trevnerd Software for information and support.  Address any e-mail to "Nerdy 1" and it will be responded to as soon as possible.


Another wonderful On-Line Service where you can download software and do alot of other neat things.